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<\/p>\nSummary
\nBased on archaeological research, it can be concluded that skeletal changes caused by rickets already
\nexisted in antiquity. The disease causing skeletal deformities was first described in 1645 by Daniel
\nWhistler. As he observed it occurring frequently in English city children, he called it “the English
\ndisease”.<\/p>\n
The cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency – caused by both a poor diet and insufficient sun
\nexposure.<\/p>\n
Rickets causes changes in the skeletal system (bone softening and deformation, bone pain),
\nradiological symptoms (changes in the epiphyses, deformation of the pelvis, fragility of the limbs) and
\nextrosseous symptoms (hypocalcemic convulsions and tetany, heart failure, cardiac dysfunction and
\narrest, impaired growth body weight and length, delayed motor development with muscle weakness,
\nincreased intracranial pressure, agitation and irritability). Laboratory tests show decreased levels of
\nvitamin D3 and calcium.<\/p>\n
Effective measures to prevent rickets are supplementation with vitamin D3, calcium, and being
\noutdoors (especially in warm seasons) and being exposed to sunlight. In cases of deficiencies,
\nsupplementation with such preparations as Calcineff D3K2 or Calcineff Minerals is recommended.
\nBased on descriptions found in manuscripts and archaeological works, it can be assumed that skeletal
\nchanges that could be caused by rickets already existed in antiquity. Medieval descriptions of the
\nsymptoms of rickets date back to the 15th century, as is known from the information contained in
\nlater written sources.<\/p>\n
For the first time, a more extensive description of the disease causing skeletal deformities was given
\nby Daniel Whistler in 1645 in his scientific work presented at the University of Leyden entitled: De
\nmorbo puerili Anglorum, quem patrio idiomate indigenae vocant “the rickets”. Five years later,
\nFrancis Glisson’s book De Rachitide sive morbo puerili qui vulgo the Rickets dicitur was published, in
\nwhich he presented a complete clinical picture of this disease. In 1651, the book was translated into
\nEnglish, indicating an interest in rickets in England during this period. The next two centuries did not
\nbring new discoveries and reports about this disease.<\/p>\n
Rickets cases became epidemic in nineteenth-century England and some other northern European
\ncountries, where little sunlight and living conditions in smoky, industrial cities were at the root of the
\nphenomenon. Hence the historical name of rickets – the English disease.
\nDeficiency rickets is a disorder of chondrocyte differentiation, growth plate mineralization and
\nosteoid mineralization due to vitamin D deficiency and \/ or low calcium intake in children. Deficiency
\nrickets is diagnosed on the basis of history, physical examination and biochemical tests, and
\nconfirmed by X-ray examinations.<\/p>\n
The most common cause of rickets is vitamin D deficiency – caused both by poor diet and insufficient
\nsun exposure (UV radiation is necessary to convert one of the cholesterol derivatives into vitamin D3).?
\nBone mineralization requires the supply of adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate. Vitamin D
\nregulates their absorption from the intestine. Calcium deficiency causes the release of parathyroid
\nhormone (PTH), which eventually leads to the processes that cause rickets. It is a disease of the
\ngrowing bone, while osteomalacia (a metabolic disease of the bone consisting in insufficient
\nmineralization and reduction of bone density) refers to disturbances in bone mineralization after the
\nend of the bone growth process. Deficiency rickets also occurs in the course of fat malabsorption,
\nliver diseases, renal failure and diseases requiring total parenteral nutrition.<\/p>\n
Infants and adolescents, due to their rapid growth, are at increased risk of rickets and osteomalacia
\ndue to vitamin D deficiency. Rickets has a significant effect on the health of infants, children and
\nadolescents, and its effects persist into adulthood. The sequelae of rickets and osteomalacia may
\ninclude: hypocalcemic tetany, life-threatening hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy, bone pain and muscle
\nweakness, deformation of the bones of the extremities and pelvis, abnormal physical development,
\ndevelopmental delay, and tooth developmental disorders.<\/p>\n
Rickets is becoming more common not only in developing countries (with lower incomes), but also in
\nwell-developed (wealthy) countries. Its incidence, for example, in Canada is 2.9 \/ 100,000, in Australia
\n– 4.9 \/ 100,000, in Great Britain – 7.5 \/ 100,000, and in the United States – 24 \/ 100,000. they mainly
\naffect immigrants, while the prevalence of rickets in white people is the same or is even decreasing.
\nThe symptoms of rickets include:<\/p>\n
1) bone and dental symptoms: bone softening, thickening of the cartilage-bone joints of the ribs,
\nwidening of the wrists and ankle joints, delayed parietal atresia, delayed tooth eruption, deformation
\nof the lower limbs, prominent frontal tumors, bone pain;
\n2) radiological symptoms: changes within the epiphyses, pelvic deformities, including narrowing of
\nthe pelvic canal (risk of death and difficulties in labor), permanent deformities, fractures due to
\nminimal injuries;
\n3) post-osteochondrosis symptoms: hypocalcemic convulsions and tetany, heart failure, cardiac
\ndysfunction and arrest, impaired weight gain and body length, delayed motor development with
\nmuscle weakness, increased intracranial pressure, agitation and irritability;
\n4) biochemical symptoms: a decrease in the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D],
\nphosphate and calcium, and an increase in PTH and serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, as well as
\na decrease in calcium and an increase in urine phosphate.<\/p>\n
Prevention
\nIn infants from birth to 12 months of age, irrespective of the feeding method, the recommended dose
\nof vitamin D for the prevention of rickets is 400 IU (10 ?g) per day. As recommended by the US
\nNational Academy of Medicine, all older children and adults should receive 600 IU of vitamin D in
\ntheir diet and \/ or supplements per day.<\/p>\n
A very good preparation for the prevention of rickets is Calcineff D3 K2, containing 1000 IU of vitamin
\nD3, 600 mg of calcium ions and 35 ?g of vitamin K2 in one tablet.
\nA similar preparation is Calcineff Minerals, containing 400 mg of calcium, 200 mg of magnesium, 10
\nmg of zinc and 2000 IU of vitamin D3 in 1 tablet.
\nVitamin D and calcium dosage to treat deficiency rickets?<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
AUTHOR: Dr n. farm. Andrzej Tarasiuk<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Summary Based on archaeological research, it can be concluded that skeletal changes caused by rickets already existed in antiquity. The disease causing skeletal deformities was first described in 1645 by Daniel Whistler. As he observed it occurring frequently in English city children, he called it “the English disease”. The cause of rickets is a vitamin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1030,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":""},"categories":[109,113,62],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1025"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2937,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1025\/revisions\/2937"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.labor.com.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}